innovation

                                                       Who says indià doesn't innovate???

philips IC Factory!!

                                 PHILIPS IC MANUFACTURING PROCESS

IC manufacturing is a complex process. their is list to perform the IC fabrication which is listed below.

steps for IC fabrication.

    Lithography: The process for pattern definition by applying thin uniform layer of viscous liquid (photo-resist) on the wafer surface. The photo-resist is hardened by baking and than selectively removed by projection of light through a reticle containing mask information.

    Etching: Selectively removing unwanted material from the surface of the wafer. The pattern of the photo-resist is transferred to the wafer by means of etching agents.

    Deposition: Films of the various materials are applied on the wafer. For this purpose mostly two kind of processes are used, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

    Chemical Mechanical Polishing: A planarization technique by applying a chemical slurry with etchant agents to the wafer surface.

    Oxidation: In the oxidation process oxygen (dry oxidation) or H$ _2$O (wet oxidation) molecules convert silicon layers on top of the wafer to silicon dioxide.
    Ion Implantation: Most widely used technique to introduce dopant impurities into semiconductor. The ionized particles are accelerated through an electrical field and targeted at the semiconductor wafer.


    Diffusion: A diffusion step following ion implantation is used to anneal bombardment-induced lattice defects.

projects!!

Electronic Notice Board with Android Remote Controller | ECE Projects 

Arduino Home Security System

 

projects websites!!

Websites for projects!!!

1.www.electroschematics.com/

2.electronicsproject.org/

3.www.electronicsforu.com/

4.www.electronics-lab.com/

5.www.electronics-project-design.com/

6.www.circuit-projects.com/

7.www.eleccircuit.com/

8.www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com/

9.www.circuitstoday.com/

10.circuiteasy.com/

11.www.electronicshub.org/

12.www.open-electronics.org/

13.littlebits.cc/projects           

what are mobile towers ?

Mobile Towers.






 Cell phone towers are structures built on specific parcels of land that are designed to accommodate wireless tenants. Wireless tenants utilize cell towers to deploy various technologies to a subscriber base, such as telephony, mobile data, television and radio. Cell towers are typically built by tower companies or wireless carriers

PSTN-public switch telephone network.
MSC-mobile switching center.
BS-base station.

The Microwave Dish is a large round antenna, which is used for a specific type of transmission, and also commonly used for backhaul.backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone network and the small subnetworks at the "edge".

The Base Transmitter Station or BTS is a shelter or enclosed area used to house and protect communications, radio and network equipment.

The Generator is powered by gas or diesel and used as emergency back-up to keep cell sites operational during power outages.

Utilities are also necessary for the operation of cell sites. Wireless carriers will run lines or cables to the site to complement their specific technology

 

                                                How healthy are Mobile Towers?

People say that by having a mobile tower near to our house can cause cancer. Is it really so?

Some of the most powerful cell tower installations are on mountains and hilltops outside of urban areas. These EM fields have impacted humans, animals as well as the ecological balance. Studies of people and farm animals living around high voltage wires point to extreme hazards of living up up-close to a powerful electromagnetic field (EMF) - exhibiting everything from stress and sleep disorders to birth defects, cancer and Alzheimer’s. All cell site exposure risks.

These image will tell you what kind of EM are harmful . 

 Our body also resonates with earths magnetic field at 10Hz.

kernel

kernel

When say about KERNEL we have seen it in our mobile phones. when we get into our settings-about phone. In that under the android version their is the KERNEL version so what is KERNEL.

Kernel basically manages the i/o. Kernel is basically a main part of operating system likewise the system has many device drivers like camera,network,touchscreen etc this is manage by the kernel.
It allows the application or we can say it as a software communicate with the hardware.

As the above diagram shows whats the main work of the kernel

Some of process done by the KERNEL;-

virtual memory-

when the RAM is full or their is no storage space in RAM the data of that application is stored in the hard disk 

Multi-tasking-

Kernel is responsible for multitasking. It takes the decision of how much processes must run at a time 

File system-

The distribution of the file in the hard disk is done by the kernel.the process which needs data from the memory is given by the kernel.

Modes-

Their are two modes kernel and user mode mainly these modes helps us not getting into Deadlock(deadlock is a situation in which two or more competing actions are each waiting for the other to finish, and thus neither ever does.)

Program execution-

                              Kernel decide how much processes must run at a time and gives the program the required data from the file system.

If you want to know more about your mobile their is a application which allows you to know about the performance of your mobile phone your processor,benchmark also.

cpu/ram/device identifier

ARM processors.

ARM

ARM is a processor based on RISC (REDUCE INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING).


ARM is a British company. RISC help them to reduce cost,heat,battery usage. By this all usage ARM is used in embedded systema.

This is the list of ARM processors based on performance and capability.

First ARMv7 was announced in the year 1994 and now the newest is cortex A-72 or ARMv15.

https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~prabal/teaching/eecs373-f10/readings/ARMv7-M_ARM.pdf

This link is for full details of ARMv7 processor with achitecture.

transparent mobiles.....!!

Transparent Smartphones

Inventors, Jung Won Seo, Jae-Woo Park, Keong Su Lim, Ji-Hwan Yang and Sang Jung Kang, who are scientists at the Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, have created the world's first transparent computer chip.

                                             these picture is the first transparent chip in the world:-

The name of these chip is transparent resistive random access memory or TRRAM

These technology is similar to CMOS.

inductor or reactor!!!

 Inductors

Inductors are passive component basically a inductor is called a reactor.it is a coil.which uses electro-magnetic induction.

it blocks AC and passes DC. 

inductor types:-

1.air core inductor

The air core inductor are mainly used were their is a use of vibration.

used for:- speaker,microphone

.

2.Radio frequency inductor

The radio frequency inductor are used for transmission purpose

used for:-radios.

3.Ferromagnetic core inductor

The ferromagnetic core inductor are made of different materials like iron or ferrite.

used for:- radios.

4.Laminated core inductor

The laminated core inductor are like a normal step-down transformer

used for:-gas lamps called as metal halide lamp 

5.Toroidal core inductor

The toroidal core inductor is a circular type inductor.

used for:-used in pc circuits

6. Variable inductor

These is another most commonly used inductor were there is moving ferrite core.

used for:-old tv sets,radios

Inductors are important part of an circuit.they are used in RL and RLC circuits.These type of components are mainly used in SMPS too.It work on the same principle as a transformer.These is the component which has not change till now .We are surrounded by these inductors from router to pc to laptop to mobile charger.That why we must know about them .!!

super-capacitor...!

capacitor.
  

now-a-days people are trying to use it as a battery.because it has more cycle than a normal battery.For normal battery it is about 1000 cycle.But for capacitor it is about 25000 it is great!!As we know capacitor stores "ENERGY" not charge .It blocks DC and passes AC.

if you want to see a project on this i have given a link below.

http://www.instructables.com/id/The-Forever-Rechargeable-VARIABLE-Super-Capacitor-/

Many people are interested because of its rapid rate of charging .But it discharges fast to.

Because of these we can now say that battery can be replaced as battery.

Wires are not good conductors as we know!!!!

Wire and their internal resistance!!
  Wires do have their internal resistance like copper about 10(ohm-cmil/ft) which we normally use but by passing more current it heats up. Silver is the best conductor in which appose to the flow of charge is minimum.